He knew what was coming and the older children knew it too. [60][61] Horrendous conditions in the ghettos—severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food—resulted in a high death rate. [165][166], The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors). "All these things they are accusing my father of are pure propaganda…These war crimes are not true… I have heard that top Jews themselves ordered these executions because they believe Jews should be martyrs," he said in a 1961 interview with Parade Magazine during a visit to the United States which, according to CIA documents, prompted local authorities to deport him. [147] The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so he was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which totalled over 3,500 pages. Later on, Klaus left his wife and moved to southern Germany, where he had three more children from another woman. The youngest, Ricardo, rejected him and said his execution was justified. [102], At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as Otto Eckmann. He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires. var TitleTrimmed; "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty. [40] Eichmann and Hagen attempted to return to Palestine a few days later, but were denied entry after the British authorities refused them the required visas. [50], After a posting in Prague to assist in setting up an emigration office there, Eichmann was transferred to Berlin in October 1939 to command the Reichszentrale für Jüdische Auswanderung ("Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration") for the entire Reich under Heinrich Müller, head of the Gestapo. After their father was executed, The Daily Mail revealed, Horst and Klaus set up a Nazi cell and planned to attack Jewish businesses and synagogues. [44] Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control. [143] The Israeli court ruled that the circumstances of his capture had no bearing on the legality of his trial. No. Adolf Eichmann was the only Nazi prosecuted by the Jewish people. [105] These documents enabled him to obtain an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport and the remaining entry permits in 1950 that would allow emigration to Argentina. He has been investigated several times for neo-Nazi activity. [31] The couple had four sons: Klaus (born 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf (born 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut (born 1942 in Prague) and Ricardo Francisco (born 1955 in Buenos Aires). } [172] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. Apart from Ricardo, all the brothers agreed that Grandpa Eichmann was innocent. var isMobile = (/iphone|ipod|android|blackberry|fennec/).test [157] The defence team consisted of German lawyer Robert Servatius, legal assistant Dieter Wechtenbruch, and Eichmann himself. }) [131] He was held there for nine days, during which time his identity was double-checked and confirmed. He provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February. Adolf Eichmann was one of the most pivotal actors in the implementation of the “Final Solution.” Charged with managing and facilitating the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and killing centers in the German-occupied East, he was among the major organizers of the Holocaust. Long live Argentina. [52][51] Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp. } [210] Arendt, a political theorist who reported on Eichmann's trial for The New Yorker, described Eichmann in her book Eichmann in Jerusalem as the embodiment of the "banality of evil", as she thought he appeared to have an ordinary personality, displaying neither guilt nor hatred. MailOnline also tracked down the mistress of Eichmann’s second son Horst who reveals what became of the brothers; The incredible story has been turned into a Netflix blockbuster starring Ben Kingsley; The fates of Nazi monster Adolf Eichmann’s four sons can … [26] Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters. As Britain still controlled the Atlantic and her merchant fleet would not be at Germany's disposal for use in evacuations, planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled. But Hausner, in his role as Attorney General, declared that he would be obliged to have any war criminals who entered Israel arrested. He is married and he has a small transport business. [67] On 31 July, Göring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. [80] Specific deportation orders came from his RSHA superior, Gestapo chief Heinrich Müller, acting on Himmler's behalf. According to MailOnline, Klaus and Horst are dead, while Ricardo, … Eichmann initially visited them weekly, but as time went on, his visits tapered off to once a month. [122] Argentina had a history of turning down extradition requests for Nazi criminals, so rather than filing a probably futile request for extradition, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made the decision that Eichmann should be captured and brought to Israel for trial. Theodor Horst Grell-02, Eichmann Adolf When problems arose, the Senior Commander of the Security Police and the Security Service in Hungary, Standartenfuehrer Geschke, also intervened. [78] Kaltenbrunner succeeded him as head of the RSHA. TitleTrimmed = imgTitle; var imgTitleFinal; [154] Hausner's opening address began, "It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historic trial and not the Nazi regime alone, but anti-Semitism throughout history. Under the Nisko Plan, Eichmann chose Nisko as the location for a new transit camp where Jews would be temporarily housed before being deported elsewhere. A team of Mossad and Shin Bet agents captured Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 criminal charges, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. Was Adolf Eichmann really put to death? [48] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. [72], To co-ordinate planning for the proposed genocide, Heydrich hosted the Wannsee Conference, which brought together administrative leaders of the Nazi regime on 20 January 1942. He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop Alois Hudal. [131], Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team. The operation soon was called off, partly because Hitler decided the required trains were better used for military purposes for the time being. The Doctor Who Helped Israel's Mossad Catch Eichmann But Refused Recognition Yonah Elian played a key part in spiriting Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann out of … "Grandpa Eichmann had once told (his kids—ed.) yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).css('display', 'block'); The hanging, scheduled for midnight at the end of 31 May, was slightly delayed and thus took place a few minutes past midnight on 1 June 1962. Yes. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty. This law had previously been used to prosecute about 30 people, all but one of them Jewish Holocaust survivors, who were alleged to have been, Eichmann was a member of three of the organisations that had been declared criminal at the, the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, List of fugitives who are no longer sought, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Eichmann Refused to Admit Guilt in Last-ditch Bid for Clemency", "SS-Obersturmbannführer (Retired): 'Eichmann Before Jerusalem,' by Bettina Stangneth", "Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial", "Why Israel's Capture of Eichmann Caused Panic at the CIA", "Sleepwalker: Arendt, Thoughtlessness, and the Question of Little Eichmanns", "Ben-Gurion's bombshell: 'We've caught Eichmann, "Wie Eichmann vom Österreicher zum Deutschen wurde", "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Eichmann's final barb: 'I hope that all of you will follow me, "Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: será conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires", "Pardon Plea by Adolf Eichmann, Nazi War Criminal, Is Made Public", "The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law", "The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution, "The Eichmann Case and the Distortion of History", "Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds", "Ex-Mossad Agent: We Let Nazi Doctor Mengele Get Away", "Holocaust organizer sought clemency, saying he was 'mere instrument, "Israel Supreme Court Names Justices to Hear Eichmann's Appeal", "Israel to Pay Reward In Capture of Eichmann", "Special publication: Behind the scenes at the Eichmann Trial", "Wiesenthal Center Marks Eichmann Capture in Argentina Fifty Years Later", "Testimony of Rudolf Höss testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946", Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann, "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story (Part I)", "Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, National Political Institute of Education, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&oldid=1016731920, Escapees from United States military detention, German people convicted of crimes against humanity, People executed for crimes against humanity, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 19:28. [5] The execution was attended by a small group of officials, four journalists and the Canadian clergyman William Lovell Hull, who had been Eichmann's spiritual counselor while in prison. Accused Adolf Eichmann is at present taking place in this Court. Mossad agent Peter Malkin engaged him, asking him in Spanish if he had a moment. var imgTitleLength = imgTitle.length; [163] The trial was held at the Beit Ha'am (today known as the Gerard Behar Center), an auditorium in central Jerusalem. Those trials were conducted by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war. In the 1990s he said in an interview that his father's execution was justified, since he deserved to die for his horrific crimes. [89] Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May, four trains of 3,000 Jews per day left Hungary and travelled to the camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, arriving along a newly built spur line that terminated a few hundred metres away from the gas chambers. [207] In Israel, the testimony of witnesses at the trial led to a deeper awareness of the impact of the Holocaust on survivors, especially among younger citizens. His wife, who disliked Berlin, resided in Prague with the children. Carmen, Horst's former girlfriend, told The Daily Mail the story of the Eichmann family. [108] The family built a house at 14 Garibaldi Street (now 6061 Garibaldi Street) and moved in during 1960. [125] Mossad operative Rafi Eitan was named leader of the eight-man team, most of whom were Shin Bet agents. yq('#'+value.id).mouseover(function(){ "[152], Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961. [144], US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) documents declassified in 2006 show that the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the CIA and West German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND). [41] They prepared a report on their visit, which was published in 1982. jQuery(".artImageLightbox").colorbox({rel:'group3', transition:"none", width:"100%", height:"400px"}); I die believing in God. [76] Under Eichmann's supervision, large-scale deportations began almost immediately to extermination camps at Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka and elsewhere. jQuery(document).ready(function() { Eichmann was kidnapped by Mossad agents in Argentina in 1960 and brought to Israel. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).mouseout(function(){ Eichmann, who was responsible for the deportation of European Jews to ghettos and extermination camps, escaped and settled in Argentina under the alias Ricardo Klement. [201], Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Ramla hours later. [126], The team captured Eichmann on 11 May 1960 near his home on Garibaldi Street in San Fernando, Buenos Aires, an industrial community 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the centre of Buenos Aires. [193] Appeal hearings took place between 22 and 29 March 1962. [95] In June 1944 Eichmann was involved in negotiations with Rudolf Kasztner that resulted in the rescue of 1,684 people, who were sent by train to safety in Switzerland in exchange for three suitcases full of diamonds, gold, cash, and securities. That made things even worse for them," Carmen added. I am ready. TitleTrimmed += "..."; After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons. [14][15], During this time, he joined the Jungfrontkämpfervereinigung, the youth section of Hermann Hiltl's right-wing veterans movement, and began reading newspapers published by the Nazi Party. [106] He departed from Genoa by ship on 17 June 1950 and arrived in Buenos Aires on 14 July. [37][38] Eichmann travelled to British Mandatory Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen in 1937 to assess the possibility of Germany's Jews voluntarily emigrating to that country, disembarking with forged press credentials at Haifa, whence they travelled to Cairo in Egypt.