His occupations included working as a policeman in Cuba, as a tramcar conductor in Panama, and as a dietician in a New York City hospital. [1] Robert Constantine Clarke, was the half-brother of Margaret Ann Manley, nee Shearer, who was the mother of Norman Washington Manley. In May the federation was dissolved. Most of this time was spent in Cuba, where he eventually gained employment in the security police of Presidents Alfredo Zayas and Gerardo Machado in the 1920s. Bustamante described himself as a dietician and businessman with North American experience, but while he might have returned with some wealth to the island, his formal training and experience were mostly his own fantastic fabrication. Source for information on William Alexander Bustamante: Encyclopedia of World Biography dictionary. The labour leader denounced Denham at a meeting of 7,000 at the Parade on May 4. Gradually he became involved in the protest marches and other demonstrations of the urban masses. The widespread labor disturbances of the years 1937 and 1938 provided the opportunity to establish himself as the foremost labor leader in the island. Bustamante's own apochryphal explanation of the name is that it derives from the Spanish mariner who adopted him at the age of five, taking him to Spain where he was sent to school and where he saw active military service. Manley was appointed Jamaica's first premier on 14 August 1959. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante, Jamaica's first Prime Minister after the country gained independence in 1962, was born on February 24, 1884. The voter turnout with 65.1%. Earlier he had spent nearly ten years in Panama (probably between 1908 and 1919) working as a traffic inspector. Bustamante became involved in many strikes in Jamaica during the 1930s. by Deborah A. Thomas, John L. Jackson Jr. Along with his cousin, Norman Washington Manley, he is considered one of the founding fathers of modern Jamaica. Those few who recall his youth remember him as a fine horseman, who even as a teenager owned his personal horse and raced regularly with his numerous male cousins and others. In the 1955 Jamaican general election, the PNP won for the first time, securing 18 out of 32 seats. Immediately after his release Bustamante broke with Manley, reorganized the union, and formally launched the Jamaica Labor Party on July 1943 to rival the People's National Party and the Jamaica Democratic Party in the first general elections held in December 1944. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante was a Jamaican politician and labour leader who in 1962 became the first prime minister of Jamaica. The first general election under Universal Adult Suffrage came in 1944 and the JLP won 22 of the 32 seats. Sir Alexander Bustamante was born William Alexander Clarke on February 24, 1884 in Blenheim, Hanover. Wages and working conditions had declined steadily, and the government had consistently refused to provide relief. [6][7], Bustamante's first term as unofficial leader of the government was dogged by controversy. He was interned briefly for this activity. Word lid van Facebook om met Alexander Bustamante en anderen in contact te komen. About Sir Alexander Bustamante. 390k. He retired from active politics in 1967. Alexander Bustamante is lid van Facebook. A charismatic and impressive speaker, he used the media to criticize the prevailing political system and its attendant social problems. Facebook geeft mensen de … The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante GBE (24 February 1884 – 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader. Michael Burke, "Norman Manley as premier". 5 pages. In 1943 he founded the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), with himself as head. The first general election under Universal Adult Suffrage came in 1944 and the JLP won 22 of the 32 seats. [22] In 1966, an honorary LLD degree was conferred on him by the University of the West Indies. [30] It is a grated coconut and dark brown sugar confection flavored with fresh grated ginger, cooked to a hard consistency, "which is said to represent his firmness of character." [23] In the same year, he was also awarded the Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star by the Republic of China. He founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union following the 1938 labour riots, and the Jamaican Labour Party in 1943. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante GBE PC (born William Alexander Clarke; 24 February 1884 – 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader, who, in 1962, became the first prime minister of Jamaica. His birth name was William Alexander Clarke. Alexander Bustamante is known for his work on The Leap to Happiness (2009), Worms (2013) and Pintando América (2016). He was restless, extremely extroverted and gregarious. Coombs' JWU became the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) after the revolt, and Bustamante became known as "The Chief".[4]. Biografía In 1967 he retired from politics, having reduced his participation during the previous three years because of failing health. Sir Alexander Bustamante addressed a huge meeting at the corner of Duke and Harbour Streets. 1, 2015, pp. The parties lobbied the colonial government for a further increase in constitutional powers for the elected government, and in June 1953 a new constitution provided for the appointment of a chief minister and seven other Ministers from the elected House of Representatives. Bustamante was commended in 1955 for his public services in Jamaica. As a result, Norman Manley became the new chief minister.[13]. William Alexander Clarke, who later adopted the surname of Bustamante in honor of a Spanish captain who befriended him, was born on … Though initially a supporter of the Federation of the West Indies, during the 1950s, Bustamante gradually opposed the union. He installed Gladys Longbridge as his private secretary, and she was to accompany him for the rest of his life as confidante, assistant, companion, and, finally, after September 6, 1962, his second wife. Sir Alexander Bustamante, circa 1960. In 1969, Bustamante became a Member of the Order of National Hero (ONH) in recognition of his achievements,[24] this along with Norman Manley, the black liberationist Marcus Garvey, and two leaders of the 1865 Morant Bay rebellion, Paul Bogle and George William Gordon. His office was downstairs, and living quarters upstairs. Hamilton, B. L. St. John, Bustamante: anthology of a hero, Kingston, Jamaica: Produced for B. St. J. Hamilton by Publication & Productions, 1978. By virtue of the second marriage of Elsie Hunter, his paternal grandmother, to Alexander Shearer, he became distantly related to both Norman Washington Manley and Michael Manley, as well as to Hugh Shearer— all of whom were to be chief ministers or prime ministers of Jamaica. He became a leader in activism against colonial rule. During Bustamante's internment Norman Manley and his followers rebuilt and expanded the organization of the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. The internment made a political martyr of Bustamante and enhanced the position of his union among the masses. William Alexander Bustamante (24 February 1884 – 6 August 1977) was Chief Minister of Jamaica from 3 May 1953 to 2 February 1955, preceding Norman Manley, and Prime Minister from 29 April 1962 to 23 February 1967, preceding Donald Sangster.He was the founder of the conservative Jamaica Labor Party and the father of Jamaica's independence.. He became the unofficial government leader, representing his party as Minister for Communications. Immediately after his release Bustamante broke with Manley, reorganized the union, and formally launched the Jamaica Labor Party on July 1943 to rival the People's National Party and the Jamaica Democratic Party in the first general elections held in December 1944. Bustamante was considered a "buster", "a champion of the common man and tough article. 58 no. [10] In 1952 he was arrested by the American authorities while he was on official business in Puerto Rico.[11]. After his return to Jamaica, Bustamante established himself as a money-lender in modest offices on Duke Street, then the desired cachet for all business addresses in Kingston. In 1947 he was arrested with Frank Pixley and put on trial for manslaughter at the courthouse in Port Maria. William Alexander BustamanteWilliam Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977) was a Jamaican labor leader who became Jamaica's first chief minister under limited self-government and the first prime minister after independence in 1962. She was a result of teenage pregnancy as both of her parents were teenagers when she was born. He gained recognition by writing frequent letters on the issues to the Daily Gleaner newspaper. His father, Robert Constantine Clarke, a member of the declining white plantocracy, was the overseer of a small, mixed-crop plantation called Blenheim, in the parish of Hanover on the then-isolated northwestern coast of the island. Previously he had belonged to the People's National Party (founded in 1938 by his first cousin Norman Manley). At the age of 48, he returned to Jamaica in 1932, where he opened offices at 1a Duke Street, as a money lender and a dairy products man. Frederic Gomes Cassidy, Robert Brock Le Page. Alexander Bustamante And Modern Jamaica book. Bustamante travelled… More significantly, the party gained less popular votes than the opposition People's National Party. [8] In 1947 and 1948, he was elected as mayor of Kingston. Coombs. His decision not to participate in the federation and to orchestrate the Jamaican opposition to it in a 1961 referendum led to the demise of the federation in 1962, the year in which Bustamante's party, riding the crest of its successful campaign to withdraw Jamaica from the federation, won the general elections once more and made Bustamante the prime minister of independent Jamaica. On this day in Jamaican history, the Right Honorable Sir Alexander Bustamante, the first Prime Minister of Jamaica, was born. The eventual release of Bustamante from prison derived from the unceasing efforts of Manley, who had earlier founded the People's National Party as the political instrument for forging a new nationalism in Jamaica. In the 1961 Federation membership referendum Jamaica voted 54% to leave the West Indies Federation. The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante (24 February 1884 – 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader who became the first prime minister of Jamaica. His Jamaica Labor Party won re-election in the national elections of 1949 with a reduced parliamentary representation. [5] Under the new charter, the British governor, assisted by the six-member Privy Council and ten-member Executive Council, remained responsible solely to the Crown. Along with his famous half-cousin Norman Washington Manley he became the dominant political figure in Jamaica until his retirement in the late 1960s. He/She was Communications Minister from 1943 to 1953 and Prime Minister of … On 10 April 1962, of the 45 seats up for contention in the 1962 Jamaican general election, the JLP won 26 seats and the PNP 19. While taking on the role of head of the BITU, he was also leader of government business. He said that the JLP would not contest a by-election to the federal parliament. Unflattering synoptic portraits can be found in Paul Blanshard, Democracy and Empire in the Caribbean (1977) and Personal and Controversial: An Autobiography (1973). [19] Two days later, Bustamante retired, and Sangster became Jamaica's second prime minister. Sir Alexander became the first Prime Minister of Independent Jamaica in 1962. Excellent Norman Washington Manley, Kingston, Jamaica: Bustamante Institute of Public & International Affairs, 1989. The 1949 Jamaican general election was much closer. [20] He was awarded an honorary LLD degree from the Fairfield University in 1963. The decline of the old colonial system, hastened by the enormous difficulties which Great Britain had encountered during World War I and during the Great Depression, had saddled Jamaica with a type of politics and a bureaucracy which could not respond to the many problems which the island encountered. [26][27] His portrait graces the Jamaican one dollar coin. Although Bustamante lost the general elections of 1955 and 1959, he remained leader of the opposition in the Jamaican Parliament until 1962. The 1959 Jamaican general election was held on 28 July 1959, and the number of seats was increased to 45. FIRST PRIME MINISTER Aug. 6, 1962 – Feb. 27, 1967. Of Bustamante's early life little is known. Memorability Metrics. And indeed, it was through the efforts of the People's National Party, modeled after the British Labor Party, that Jamaica gained a new political status in 1944 with universal adult suffrage and an elected legislature with limited self-government. have led him to succeed his father as an overseer of the Jamaican landed interests. Along with being head of the government, Bustamante served as mayor of Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation in 1947. The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Bustamante, G.B.E., LL.D (Hon.) Historical Popularity Index (HPI) 18. For the first time, the Ministers could now exercise wide responsibility in the management of the internal affairs of the island. After Jamaica was granted independence in 1962, Bustamante served as the first Prime Minister until 1967.In April of 1963 he ordered the police and army to "Bring in all Rastas, dead or alive" [16] and over 150 Rastas were detained and a unknown number killed. He founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union following the 1938 labour riots, and the Jamaican Labour Party in 1943. Bustamante travelled the world and worked in many different places. He began his political involvement by writing long, almost daily letters to the press, especially the venerable Daily Gleaner, the island's leading newspaper—then more than a century in continuous publication—and its smaller rival, The Jamaica Standard. Norman Manley's portrait is more insightful in The New Jamaica: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1938-1968, edited with notes and introduction by Rex Nettleford (1971). After losing the referendum, Manley took Jamaica to the polls in April 1962, to secure a mandate for the island's independence. Two seats were won by independents. African Studies Review, vol. He had no children. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bustamante&oldid=1015710654, Jamaican Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English, Articles needing additional references from July 2009, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 April 2021, at 02:03. Sir Alexander Bustamante (1884–1977), "Jamaica's National Heroes: Their Legacy 50 Years Later", "Sir Alexander Bustamante, 94, Jamaican Leader, Dies", "Sweet & dandy - The history of Jamaican sweets". SIR ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE 1884-1977 Alexander Bustamante was an aggressive, outspoken young man who understood the dynamics of labor relations. William Alexander Bustamante, perhaps Jamaica's most flamboyant and charismatic politician, was born William Alexander Clarke on February 24, 1884. [21] In 1964, he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom (PC). In 1937 he was elected as treasurer of the Jamaica Workers' Union (JWU), which had been founded by labour activist Allan G.S. Bustamante is honoured in Jamaica with the title National Hero of … Born William Alexander Clarke, in the parish of Westmoreland, Jamaica 1884, the son of an Irish planter Robert Constantine Clarke and a Jamaican mother, Mary Clarke, although he is to have stated that his mother was actually Taino. Campbell, Horace G. Coral Gardens 1963: The Rastafari and Jamaican Independence,Social and Economic Studies; Mona Vol. In the same year he acted as a mediator in a strike at the Serge Island Estate in St. Thomas. He attended elementary school in rural Hanover, once even in his mother's native village of Dalmally. The Jamaica Labor Party won 23 of the 32 seats in the House of Representatives, with 41 percent of the votes, and Bustamante became Jamaica's first chief minister. [2], William said that he took the surname Bustamante to honour a Spanish sea captain who he claims adopted him in his early years and took him to Spain where he was sent to school and later returned to Jamaica.[3]. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante was one of Jamaica's national heroes and the first prime minister of independent Jamaica. He agitated for Jamaica to become independent of Great Britain. The Jamaica Labor Party won 23 of the 32 seats in the House of Representatives, with 41 percent of the votes, and Bustamante became Jamaica's first chief minister. Alexander Bustamante is the 14,167th most popular politician (down from 12,831st in 2019), the 53rd most popular biography from Jamaica (down from 44th in 2019) and the 6th most popular Jamaican Politician. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. House members were elected by adult suffrage from single-member electoral districts called constituencies. The voter turnout was 65.2%. Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante GBE PC (born William Alexander Clarke; 24 February 1884 – 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader, who, in 1962, became the first prime minister of Jamaica. He was named William Alexander Clarke, but later changed his name in 1944 to William Alexander Bustamante. He combined the oratory of Marcus Garvey with the modified messianic spirit of the former millenialists Alexander Bedward and Solomon Hewitt, but he made the new movement his own instrument. Ejerció como primer ministro de Jamaica desde 1962 hasta 1967, siendo el primero de un estado jamaicano independiente. [17] In 1965, after suffering a stroke, he withdrew from active participation in public life. His was a prominent voice and effective presence in the political life of the country. To this situation Bustamante brought great charisma, an attractive, empathetic eloquence spiced with rapier-like humor, carnival-like flair, boundless enthusiasm, energy, and an unflagging support for the working classes and the underprivileged. He wrote on many subjects, but most had to do with the conditions of the lower orders of the working classes and the political ineptness of the local administrators. Excellent Sir William Alexander Bustamante and the Rt. William Alexander Bustamante (1884-1977) was a Jamaican labor leader who became Jamaica's first chief minister under limited self-government and the first prime minister after independence in 1962. His fourth wife was Gladys Longbridge, who he married on 7 September 1962, at the age of 78. "Bad Friday: Rastafari After Coral Gardens dir. During the 1938 labour rebellion, he quickly became identified as the spokesman for striking workers, who were mostly of African and mixed-race descent. 279-281. William Alexander Bustamante, perhaps Jamaica's most flamboyant and charismatic politician, was born William Alexander Clarke on February 24, 1884. Hill, Frank, Bustamante and his letters, Kingston, Jamaica: Kingston Publishers, 1976. On October 18, 1969 as per Government Notice 706 Jamaica Gazette, Bustamante was conferred with the Order of National Hero along with his cousin Norman Washington Manley. William Alexander Clarke Bustamante (Hanover, 24 de febrero de 1884-Kingston, 6 de agosto de 1977) fue un sindicalista y político jamaicano. Within four years the union represented more than 80 percent of all organized workers in Jamaica, mainly among the rural agricultural workers. Bustamante served as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Central District of California from 2002 to 2011, where he was the recipient of various local, state and national awards for excellence, including the United States Attorney General’s Award for Exceptional Service, the Department of Justice's highest award. He was defended by N.W. Ranston, Jackie, From we were boys: the story of the magnificent cousins, the Rt. A referendum in 1961 supported their views. Bustamante claimed that Britain, "the mother country", was not aware of the state of affairs in Jamaica, because she was badly informed or misinformed by Governor Denham. Bustamante died in 1977 at the Irish Town Hospital and was buried in the National Heroes Park in Kingston.[28][29]. The true power was held by his deputy, Donald Sangster.[18]. Between September 8, 1939, and February 8, 1942, Bustamante was imprisoned by the governor of Jamaica, Sir Arthur Richards, under wartime emergency powers for incitement to riot for addressing a group of longshoremen on the Kingston waterfront. Bustamante virtually single-handedly destroyed the West Indian Federation, established in 1958 to unify and order the political evolution of the English West Indian territories. He established the vital link between the trade union base and the political party and made this combination the most effective instrument of political operation in Jamaica. Other articles where Sir Alexander Bustamante is discussed: Jamaica: Self-government: …Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) under Sir Alexander Bustamante pressed for secession from the federation. If you can improve it, please do . A Jamaican candy, the Bustamante backbone, is named after him. 1, (2014): 197-214,234. Manley and released from prison in 1943, Bustamante founded the Jamaica Labour Party the same year. All Rights Reserved. He was the second of five children of the Clarke family. He supported a notorious strike in Frome, Westmoreland, in 1937 where six people were killed and 89 were arrested. In the 1944 Jamaican general election, Bustamante's party won 22 of 32 seats in the first House of Representatives elected by universal suffrage. Along with being head of the government, Bustamante served as mayor o… This resulted in the independence of Jamaica on 6 August 1962, and several other British colonies in the West Indies followed suit in the next decade. They now had a majority over the official and nominated members. The PNP secured a wider margin of victory, taking 29 seats to the JLP's 16. Hon. The Jamaica to which Bustamante returned in 1934 was a cauldron of social and economic discontent. Alexander Bustamante and Modern Jamaica Paperback – Illustrated, December 1, 1995 by George E. Eaton (Author) 4.5 out of 5 ... Out of the vision of HANDS came the idea to write this biography so that Jamaicans would know the origin and purpose of the National Anthem as presented through the life and work of Father Sherlock. He was married four times. Copyright © 2020 LoveToKnow. The voter turnout was 72.9%.[15]. The PNP received more votes (203,048) than the JLP (199,538), but the JLP secured more seats; 17 to the PNP's 13. Project MUSE, Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, https://www.geni.com/people/Margaret-Manley/6000000024119130886, "History this week:Constitutional Developments in British Guiana and Jamaica between 1890 and 1945 (Part 3)", https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/06/14/edward-seaga-and-the-institutionalization-of-thuggery-violence-and-dehumanization-in-jamaica/#post-112453-endnote-1, "Reports of the arrest, trial and subsequent acquittal of Mr Alexander Bustamante and Mr...", http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Norman-Manley-as-premier_17349996, The Rt. Alexander Bustamante : biography. Hippolyte, Erin. The widespread anti-colonial activism finally resulted in Parliament's granting universal suffrage in 1944 to residents in Jamaica. Despite these changes, ultimate power remained concentrated in the hands of the governor and other high officials. Between 1905 and 1934 Bustamante lived outside of Jamaica, returning to his homeland for only brief visits. [24] On 9 June 1967, Bustamante was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE).[25]. On 21 February, in the 1967 Jamaican general election, the JLP were victorious again, winning 33 out of 53 seats, with the PNP taking 20 seats. His father was a white Irish planter named Robert Constantine Clarke and his mother a black Jamaican worker named Mary Clarke (Nee Wilson). He left Jamaica once again in 1905 at the age of 21. Bustamante had replaced Manley as premier between April and August, and on independence, he became Jamaica's first prime minister. The Jamaican Legislative Council became the upper house, or Senate, of the bicameral Parliament. NATIONAL HERO (1969) Legacy Shares with cousin Norman Washington Manley, the honour of being one of the two ‘Founding Fathers’ of Jamaica’s Independence, attained peacefully, August 6, 1962. Bustamante is the surname which he formally adopted in September 1944, although he had been using that name regularly since the 1920s. The Right Excellent Sir William Alexander Clarke Bustamante GBE (24 February 1884 – 6 August 1977) was a Jamaican politician and labour leader who became the first prime minister of Jamaica. In 1940, he was imprisoned on charges of subversive activities. An excellent balanced account is Alexander Bustamante and Modern Jamaica by George Eaton (1975). He was born as William Alexander Clarke to Mary Clarke (née Wilson), a woman of mixed race, and her second husband, Robert Constantine Clarke, the son of Robert Clarke, an Irish Catholic planter, in Blenheim, Hanover. The only limits placed on their powers pertained to public security, public prosecutions and matters affecting members of the Civil Service, which still fell under the Colonial Secretary. Sir Alexander Bustamante . This article has been rated as Start-Class . The following year the Jamaican Parliament honored him by declaring him a national hero. Bustamante is honoured in Jamaica with the title National Hero of Jamaica in recognition of his achievements. Alyssa Bustamante was born on January 28, 1994 in Cole, Missouri to drug-addict parents. In 1953, Bustamante became Jamaica's first chief minister (the pre-independence title for head of government). Personality [12], Bustamante held this position until the JLP was defeated in 1955. He died on August 6,1977, at the age of 93. If the measure of a person is his/her legacy in words - both what they have actually said and what has been spoken about what they purportedly said - then former Prime Minister Sir Alexander Bustamante stands especially tall in Jamaican history. He served 4 years in office. Alexander Bustamante has been listed as a level-5 vital article in People, Politicians. Workers were being organized and militantly politicized not only by the race and color conscious supporters of Marcus Garvey but also by the articulate socialist-oriented committees of Norman Manley, Frank Hill, Ken Hill, Arthur Henry, Richard Hart, Allan Coombs, Wills O. Isaacs, and Noel Nethersole. The Alexander Bustamante Study Pack contains: Biographies (1) William Alexander Bustamante 1,357 words, approx. There he met Mildred Edith Blanck, the widow of an English consulting engineer, whom he married in the Kingston Parish Church on December 12, 1910, while on one of his short visits to the island.
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